More than half-a-century after the groundbreaking Apollo programme’s last crewed flight to the Moon, three men and one woman are preparing for a lunar journey set to turn a new page in American space exploration.
The long-delayed Nasa mission dubbed Artemis II is slated to lift-off from Florida and venture to Earth’s natural satellite as early as April 1.
They won’t land but are instead on a mission to fly by, much as Apollo 8 did in 1968.
Americans Reid Wiseman, Victor Glober and Christina Koch – along with Canadian Jeremy Hansen – will carry out the approximately 10-day trip.
The odyssey will mark a series of firsts: the first time a woman, a person of colour and a non-American will venture on a Moon mission. It’s also the inaugural crewed flight of Nasa’s new lunar rocket, dubbed SLS.
The mammoth orange-and-white rocket is designed to allow the United States to repeatedly return to the Moon in years to come, with the goal of establishing a permanent base that will offer a stepping stone for further exploration.
“We’re going back to the Moon because it’s the next step in our journey to Mars,” said Wiseman, the Artemis II commander, on a Nasa podcast.
The Artemis programme – named in honour of Apollo’s goddess twin – aims to test technologies needed to one day send humans to Mars, a far more distant journey.
That ambition presents an immense challenge, which is compounded by pressure to achieve it before China does.
China is currently aiming to land humans on the Moon by 2030. Beijing is also targeting the lunar South Pole, not least for its rich natural resource potential.
The competition recalls the 1960s-era Space Race between the US and the Soviet Union – but Harvard professor Matthew Hersch said that rivalry was “unique” and “will not be repeated anytime soon”.
He told AFP the Chinese are “not really competing with anyone but themselves”.
Washington’s lunar programme investment is significantly lower now than during the Cold War era – but the technology has changed dramatically.
“The computer technology that supports the Artemis 2 crew would be almost unimaginable to the Apollo 8 crew, which went to the Moon in a spacecraft with the electronics of a modern high-end toaster oven,” Hersch said.
And yet the Artemis II mission will not be without risks, even by Nasa’s own admission.
The crew will board a spacecraft that has never once carried humans or travelled to the Moon, which is more than 384,000 kilometres from Earth – or roughly 1,000 times further away than the International Space Station (ISS).
“We don’t accept anything less than perfect, otherwise we’re accepting greater risk,” Nasa’s former chief astronaut Peggy Whitson told AFP. “That is an important process that everyone has to embrace in order for us to be really successful, because we have to live with that knowledge, because of our space flight history, that when accidents happen, people will die,” she said.