Since the start of the US-Israel conflict on Iran on February 28, Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) states have endured the majority of Tehran’s retaliatory attacks. Despite having no involvement in the war, GCC countries have faced strikes on civilian infrastructure, raising regional security concerns. Between February 28 and late March, 83% of Iranian missiles and drones targeted the Gulf, far surpassing attacks on Israel.
The Stimson Center reported that the US-Israel-Iran war quickly escalated into an “unwanted and nightmarish” conflict for the GCC. Iran initially claimed it targeted US military sites, but evidence shows a pattern of attacks on civilian locations, including Dubai Airport, Burj Al-Arab, Palm Jumeirah, Ras Tanura refinery, Aramco facilities, and the Shaybah oil field. Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, and Oman have also been repeatedly targeted.
Read more: Iran war spreads across Gulf and Lebanon
The UAE alone experienced 2,156 attacks, resulting in eleven deaths, while Saudi Arabia faced 723 strikes with two fatalities. Most missiles were intercepted by advanced GCC air defense systems, which successfully protected critical infrastructure. However, the frequency and choice of targets have alarmed governments, highlighting Iran’s willingness to strike civilian centers in the Gulf.
Analysts suggest Tehran’s strategy aims to pressure the US to exit the conflict, force negotiations, and impose an economic and psychological cost. “Iran is spreading attacks across twelve countries to maximize impact while limiting direct confrontation with superior US-Israel forces,” said Chris Doyle of the Council for Arab-British Understanding. Experts note the UAE has been a primary target due to its close ties with Israel.
Read more: Iran strikes back: Massive missile and drone attack hits Israeli cities
In response, the UN Human Rights Council endorsed a resolution condemning Iran’s attacks and demanding reparations. The GCC states and Jordan issued a joint statement reaffirming their right to self-defense under Article 51 of the UN Charter and pledging to safeguard regional security. The coordinated diplomatic stance signals growing GCC resolve amid a conflict they did not initiate.